Kidney Stones in Dogs

Kidney stones, medically referred to as nephrolithiasis, are mineral deposits that form within a dog’s kidneys or urinary tract. These stones develop when certain minerals accumulate and crystallize, leading to potential complications such as urinary blockages and infections. While some kidney stones remain small and go unnoticed, others can cause discomfort and serious health issues.

Symptoms and Types

Dogs with kidney stones may not always show symptoms, and the condition is often discovered during routine veterinary check-ups. However, when symptoms do appear, they can include blood in the urine, frequent or painful urination, vomiting, and signs of discomfort such as restlessness or whining. Some dogs may suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections, which can indicate the presence of stones.

The composition of kidney stones varies. Calcium oxalate stones are among the most common and are frequently seen in breeds like Yorkshire Terriers, Lhasa Apsos, and Miniature Poodles. Urate stones, caused by high uric acid levels, are more common in Dalmatians, English Bulldogs, and Yorkshire Terriers. Other types, including struvite and cystine stones, are influenced by factors such as diet and genetics.

Causes

Kidney stones in dogs form due to an imbalance of minerals in the urine, often resulting from genetic predisposition, diet, infections, or metabolic conditions. High calcium levels in the blood or urine, alkaline urine pH, and dehydration contribute to stone formation. Diets rich in stone-forming minerals can increase the risk, as can chronic urinary tract infections that alter the urine’s chemical balance. Some dogs may also develop stones due to underlying medical conditions such as hyperparathyroidism.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing kidney stones involves a comprehensive evaluation by a veterinarian. A detailed history of the dog's health, including the onset and nature of symptoms, is essential. The veterinarian will perform a physical examination, ultrasound imaging, and a urinalysis to check for abnormalities such as blood, crystals, or infection. To confirm the diagnosis and determine the mineral content of the stones, a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be performed. This non-invasive method uses sound waves to break up stones, making them easier to analyze and treat. Identifying the stone composition is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan.

Treatment

For dogs with small or inactive kidney stones, treatment typically involves dietary modifications and medications to dissolve the stones over time. These dietary changes are tailored to the specific type of kidney stone and help prevent further formation. Increasing water intake is also essential to flush out small stones and reduce the risk of recurrence. In severe cases where kidney stones are large or causing blockages, immediate medical intervention is necessary. Treatment options include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which breaks the stones into smaller fragments, or surgical removal in more complicated cases. Hospitalization may be required for intensive care and monitoring, especially if the dog is experiencing significant pain or complications. If an infection is present, antibiotics are prescribed alongside pain management medications to ensure a smooth recovery.

Living and Management

Since kidney stones have a high recurrence rate, regular monitoring is vital to prevent future issues. Veterinarians typically recommend abdominal X-rays and ultrasound examinations every three to six months after initial treatment. Periodic urine tests help detect any early signs of stone formation, allowing for timely intervention.

A carefully controlled diet plays a crucial role in long-term management. Prescription diets formulated to prevent specific types of stones can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence. Encouraging hydration is equally important, as increased water consumption helps dilute urine and flush out potential stone-forming minerals. Pet owners should remain vigilant for any changes in their dog’s urination habits or signs of discomfort, as these may indicate the return of kidney stones.

Prevention

Preventing kidney stones involves a combination of proper diet, hydration, and veterinary care. Special prescription diets can help regulate mineral levels in the urine, reducing the likelihood of stone formation. Ensuring that the dog drinks enough water daily is one of the most effective preventive measures. Managing underlying conditions such as urinary tract infections is also essential in minimizing the risk of stone development. Regular check-ups and urine analyses allow veterinarians to monitor the dog’s kidney health and take preventive action when necessary. While kidney stones can be a serious health concern, early detection, proper treatment, and preventive measures can help dogs maintain a comfortable and healthy life.

If your dog is showing signs of kidney stones, getting expert veterinary care is essential. At DCC Animal Hospital, experienced vets use advanced diagnostics and personalized treatment plans to ensure your pet gets the best care possible. Regular check-ups and a well-managed diet can go a long way in keeping your dog healthy and preventing future issues.

FAQs

1. Can a dog recover from kidney stones?

Yes, dogs can recover from kidney stones, especially with early diagnosis and proper treatment. Some stones may dissolve with dietary changes and medications, while others may require surgical removal or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Regular veterinary check-ups help prevent recurrence and ensure your dog stays healthy.

2. How do you treat urinary stones in dogs?

Treatment depends on the type and size of the stones. In some cases, prescription diets and medications can help dissolve them. If the stones are causing a blockage or severe discomfort, procedures like ESWL or surgery may be necessary. A veterinarian will determine the best approach based on the specific condition of the dog.